Natural essential oils efficacious in internal organs fibrosis treatment: Mechanisms of action and application perspectives

Abstract

Internal organs fibrosis (IOF) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in most chronic inflammatory diseases, which is responsible for 45% of deaths due to disease. However, there is a paucity of drugs used to treat IOF, making it urgent to find medicine with good efficacy, low toxic side effects and good prognosis. Essential oils (EOs) extracted from natural herbs with a wide range of pharmacological components, multiple therapeutic targets, low toxicity, and broad sources have unique advantages and great potential in the treatment of IOF. In this review, we summarized EOs and their monomeric components with anti-IOF, and found that they work mainly through inhibiting TGF-β-related signaling pathways, modulating inflammatory cytokines, suppressing NF-κB, and anti-oxidative stress. The prognostic improvement of natural EOs on IOF was further discussed, as well as the quality and safety issues in the current development of natural EOs. This review hopes to provide scientific basis and new ideas for the development and application of natural medicine EOs in anti-IOF.

Keywords: Costunolide (PubChem CID: 5281437); D-limonene (PubChem CID: 440917); Internal organs fibrosis; Mechanism; Natural essential oils; Quality control; Safety evaluation; curcumenol (PubChem CID: 387977); farnesol (PubChem CID: 445070); geraniol (PubChem CID: 637566); nerolidol (PubChem CID: 5284507); nootkatone (PubChem CID: 1268142); parthenolide (PubChem CID: 7251185); thymoquinone (PubChem CID: 10281); β-elemene (PubChem CID: 6918391).