Singing Mandarin? What Short-Term Memory Capacity, Basic Auditory Skills, and Musical and Singing Abilities Reveal About Learning Mandarin

Markus Christiner; Julia Renner; Christine Groß; Annemarie Seither-Preisler; Jan Benner; Peter Schneider

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895063

Singing Mandarin? What Short-Term Memory Capacity, Basic Auditory Skills, and Musical and Singing Abilities Reveal About Learning Mandarin

Front Psychol. 2022 Jun 16:13:895063. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895063. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Markus Christiner^{1

2}, Julia Renner^{3

4}, Christine Groß², Annemarie Seither-Preisler¹, Jan Benner^{5

6}, Peter Schneider^{1

2

5

6}

Affiliations

¹ Center for Systematic Musicology, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
² Jazeps Vitols Latvian Academy of Music, Riga, Latvia.
³ Department of East Asian Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁴ Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁵ Department of Neuroradiology, Section Biomagnetism Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany.
⁶ Department of Neurology, Section Biomagnetism Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany.

Abstract

Learning Mandarin has become increasingly important in the Western world but is rather difficult to be learnt by speakers of non-tone languages. Since tone language learning requires very precise tonal ability, we set out to test whether musical skills, musical status, singing ability, singing behavior during childhood, basic auditory skills, and short-term memory ability contribute to individual differences in Mandarin performance. Therefore, we developed Mandarin tone discrimination and pronunciation tasks to assess individual differences in adult participants' (N = 109) tone language ability. Results revealed that short-term memory capacity, singing ability, pitch perception preferences, and tone frequency (high vs. low tones) were the most important predictors, which explained individual differences in the Mandarin performances of our participants. Therefore, it can be concluded that training of basic auditory skills, musical training including singing should be integrated in the educational setting for speakers of non-tone languages who learn tone languages such as Mandarin.

Keywords: Mandarin; fundamental and spectral listener; musical ability; short-term memory; singing ability; tone frequency.