Peptidase Regulation in Trichophyton rubrum Is Mediated by the Synergism Between Alternative Splicing and StuA-Dependent Transcriptional Mechanisms

Abstract

Trichophyton rubrum is the most common causative agent of dermatophytosis worldwide and uses keratinized substrates such as skin and nails as its main source of nutrition during infection. Its pathogenic character relies on colonization and viability maintenance at the target host sites. Since fungal physiology must adapt and respond to host conditions for the successful establishment of infection, biological mechanisms are constantly being triggered by T. rubrum to guarantee its survival in the host environment. The ability of this fungus to sense and modulate the secretion of specific proteases according to environmental pH signaling is considered as a pivotal virulence factor for effective invasion and persistence of infection in the host. Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding specific proteases, such as peptidases, is a key biological process that drives physiological modulation to meet fungal requirements. It accomplishes a robust balance among transcript isoforms that can be directed to perform distinct cellular functions. Thus, alternative splicing mechanisms are suitable for fungal cells to establish a balance toward reprogramming protein translation to impair or boost physiological conditions. In this study, we investigated the role of alternative splicing, especially intron retention events, in generating isoforms of virulence factors in T. rubrum mediated by transcriptional coordination of the protein StuA, a recently described transcription factor in this fungus. By analyzing the previous gene expression data provided by RNA-sequencing and after validation by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we observed that two peptidase-coding genes (TERG_00734 and TERG_04614) could be direct targets of alternative splicing in the presence of keratin. Furthermore, protease isoforms generated by alternative splicing in T. rubrum were also detected in a co-culture with human keratinocytes, highlighting the role of these proteins in keratin deconstruction. Our results strongly suggest the influence of StuA on the regulation of virulence factors in T. rubrum and dermatophyte infections by triggering the transcription of the peptidase genes mentioned above in an alternative splicing-independent balance. The results elucidate how fungal cells drive alternate splicing to promote physiological adaptations and show that transcriptional regulation and virulence traits are robust elements required for dermatophyte infection.

Keywords: StuA; Trichophyton rubrum; alternative splicing; peptidases; virulence.