One pot domino synthesis of new 3,5-disubstituted-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thiones (THTTs) as anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive candidates: A proof from in-vivo to in-vitro and in-silico mechanistic studies

Abstract

A series of alkyl/aryl/aralkylamines or amino acids appended tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thiones (4a-i, 5a-g, 6 and 7) were synthesized via one pot domino synthesis. The synthesis involved reacting alkyl/aryl/aralkylamines or amino acids with carbon disulfide employing basic aqueous medium and further cyclization with formaldehyde and alkyl/aryl/aralkylamines or amino acids. In addition, the carboxy-functionalized 1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione 6 was further subjected to esterification. All the structures were confirmed through spectral techniques i.e IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and MS analysis. Furthermore, the newly synthesized compounds were biologically assessed via in vitro COX-2 and 5-LOX assays, in vivo anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Among the screened compounds, 6, 5f, and 7 exhibited highest inhibitory potency against COX-2 with IC₅₀ values of 11.96, 13.54, and 13.93 μM, respectively. Moreover, compounds 6 and 7 exhibited excellent inhibitory potential against 5-LOX with IC₅₀ values of 14.01 and 14.13 μM. The in-vivo anti-inflammatory bioassay studies showed that compounds 6, 7 and 5f dramatically reduced the paw edema size at 1 h and 3 h time intervals. In the anti-nociceptive activity, compound 6 showed pain protection comparative to Tramadol in all tested time intervals. In addition, studies of molecular docking revealed the compounds binding modes in the allosteric site of COX-2 and active site of 5-LOX, where these compounds exhibited higher binding scores and good binding interactions.

Keywords: 5-LOX; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-nociceptive; COX-2; Greener approach; Molecular docking; One pot domino synthesis; Tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thiones.