Risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

Mohammed Aljuaid; Hadil Alotair; Farrah Alnajjar; Wadi Alonazi; Hanaa Sharaf; Eman Sheshah; Lolwah Alashgar; Mashael Alshaikh

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270062

Risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

PLoS One. 2022 Jun 24;17(6):e0270062. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270062. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Mohammed Aljuaid¹, Hadil Alotair², Farrah Alnajjar³, Wadi Alonazi¹, Hanaa Sharaf⁴, Eman Sheshah⁵, Lolwah Alashgar², Mashael Alshaikh⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Health Administration, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
² Department of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
³ Yanbu General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Cytogenetics Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, King Salman Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Department of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

Risk factors for in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia have not been well studied. Previous reports from other countries have highlighted the effect of age, gender, clinical presentation and health conditions on the outcome of COVID-19 patients. Saudi Arabia has a different epidemiological structure with a predominance of young population, which calls for separate study. The objective of this study is to assess the predictors of mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. This is a retrospective observational cohort study of hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients at two tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia between May to July 2020. Electronic charts were retrospectively reviewed comparing survivors and non-survivors in terms of demographic and clinical variables and comorbid conditions. A total of 564 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were included in the study. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 20%. The non-survivors were significantly older than survivors (59.4 ± 13.7 years and 50.5 ± 13.9 years respectively P< 0.001). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure and ischemic heart disease were more prevalent among non-survivors (P< 0.001). The mean values of glycosylated hemoglobin HgA1C, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase LDH, Alanin aminotransferase ALT and creatinine were significantly higher among non-survivors (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age (aOR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.02-1.08; P < 0.01), chronic kidney disease (aOR = 4.04; 95% CI 1.11-14.77; P < 0.05), acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS (aOR = 14.53; 95% CI 5.42-38.69; P < 0.01), Mechanical Ventilation (aOR = 10.57; 95% CI 5.74-23.59; P < 0.01), Shock (aOR = 3.85; 95% CI 1.02-14.57; P < 0.05), admission to intensive care unit (ICU) (aOR = 0.12; 95% CI 0.04-0.33; P < 0.01) and length of stay (aOR = 0.96; 95% CI 0.93-0.99; P < 0.05) were significant contributors towards mortality. The in-hospital mortality rate of COVID-19 patients admitted to tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia is high. Older age, chronic kidney disease and ARDS were the most important predictors of mortality.

Publication types

Observational Study
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Adult
COVID-19*
Cohort Studies
Hospital Mortality
Humans
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic*
Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Saudi Arabia / epidemiology

Grants and funding

The author [MA] received a fund from the Researcher Supporting Project number (RSP2022R481), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The funder provided support in the form of salaries for author [MA.], but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.