Evidence confirms an anthropic origin of Amazonian Dark Earths

Affiliations

• ¹ Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ICTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. Umberto.Lombardo@uab.cat.
• ² Geographical Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Umberto.Lombardo@uab.cat.
• ³ Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK. m.arroyo-kalin@ucl.ac.uk.
• ⁴ Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
• ⁵ Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
• ⁶ Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil.
• ⁷ Instituto de Ciências da Sociedade, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil.
• ⁸ Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
• ⁹ Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
• ¹⁰ ArqueoMaquina, Belém, Brazil.
• ¹¹ Departamento de Arqueologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• ¹² Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
• ¹³ School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
• ¹⁴ Embrapa Forestry, Colombo, Brazil.
• ¹⁵ Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil.
• ¹⁶ Centro de Ecologia Funcional, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
• ¹⁷ Soils Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil.
• ¹⁸ Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Gualala, CA, USA.
• ¹⁹ Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, São Cristóvão, Brazil.
• ²⁰ Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
• ²¹ Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
• ²² Embrapa Solos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• ²³ Department of Soil Biogeochemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
• ²⁴ Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
• ²⁵ School of Public Affairs, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
• ²⁶ Graduate Institute for International Development Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
• ²⁷ Geographical Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
• ²⁸ Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ICTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
• ²⁹ Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Brazil.
• ³⁰ School of Integrative Plant Science, Department of Global Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
• ³¹ Culture and Socio-Ecological Dynamics Research Group, Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
• ³² Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
• ³³ Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• ³⁴ Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
• ³⁵ Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
• ³⁶ Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
• ³⁷ CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
• ³⁸ Amazon Hopes Collective, Belém, Brazil.
• ³⁹ Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
• ⁴⁰ Institute of National Historic and Artistic Heritage, Belém, Brazil.
• ⁴¹ Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil.
• ⁴² Institute for Modelling Socio-Environmental Transitions, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK.
• ⁴³ Climate and Agriculture Group, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland.
• ⁴⁴ French National Centre for Scientific Research, Paris, France.
• ⁴⁵ Instituto Nacional do Semiárido (INSA), Campina Grande, Brazil.
• ⁴⁶ Center of Competence for Soils, BFH-HAFL, Zollikofen, Switzerland.
• ⁴⁷ Museu da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
• ⁴⁸ Soil Science Department, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.