A zinc-carnosine (ZnCar) metal-organic coordination polymer was fabricated in biologically relevant N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer for use as a vaccine platform. In vitro, ZnCar exhibited significantly less cytotoxicity than a well-established zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8). Adsorption of CpG on the ZnCar surface resulted in enhanced innate immune activation compared to soluble CpG. The model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) was encapsulated in ZnCar and exhibited acid-sensitive release in vitro. When injected intramuscularly on days 0 and 21 in C57BL/6 mice, OVA-specific serum total IgG and IgG1 were significantly greater in all groups with ZnCar and antigen compared to soluble controls. Th1-skewed IgG2c antibodies were significantly greater in OVA and CpG groups delivered with ZnCar for all time points, regardless of whether the antigen and adjuvant were co-formulated in one material or co-delivered in separate materials. When broadly acting Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Antigen (COBRA) P1 influenza hemagglutinin (HA) was ligated to ZnCar via its His-tag, significantly greater antibody levels were observed at all time points compared to soluble antigen and CpG. ZnCar-formulated antigen elicited increased peptide presentation to B3Z T cells in vitro and production of IL-2 after ex vivo antigen recall of splenocytes isolated from vaccinated mice. Overall, this work displays the formation of a zinc-carnosine metal-organic coordination polymer that can be applied as a platform for recombinant protein-based vaccines.
Keywords: carnosine; coordination polymer; hemagglutinin; metal−organic framework (MOF); universal influenza vaccine; vaccine delivery; zinc.