Fusarium crown rot and wheat sharp eyespot are major soil-borne diseases of wheat, causing serious losses to wheat yield in China. We applied high-throughput sequencing combined with qPCR to determine the effect of winter wheat seed dressing, with either Trichoderma atroviride HB20111 spore suspension or a chemical fungicide consisting of 6% tebuconazole, on the fungal community composition and absolute content of pathogens Fusarium pseudograminearum and Rhizoctonia cerealis in the rhizosphere at 180 days after planting. The results showed that the Trichoderma and chemical fungicide significantly reduced the amount of F. pseudograminearum in the rhizosphere soil (p < 0.05), and also changed the composition and structure of the fungal community. In addition, field disease investigation and yield measurement showed that T. atroviride HB20111 treatment reduced the whiteheads with an average control effect of 60.1%, 14.9% higher than the chemical treatment; T. atroviride HB20111 increased yield by 7.7%, which was slightly more than the chemical treatment. Therefore, T. atroviride HB20111 was found to have the potential to replace chemical fungicides to control an extended range of soil-borne diseases of wheat and to improve wheat yield.
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