Fabricating BiOCl/BiVO4 nanosheets wrapped in a graphene oxide heterojunction composite for detection of an antihistamine in biological samples

Balamurugan Thirumalraj; Dhayanantha Prabu Jaihindh; Saleh O Alaswad; M S P Sudhakaran; Muthusamy Selvaganapathy; Akram Alfantazi; Heeman Choe; Kyungjung Kwon

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113636

Fabricating BiOCl/BiVO₄ nanosheets wrapped in a graphene oxide heterojunction composite for detection of an antihistamine in biological samples

Environ Res. 2022 Sep;212(Pt E):113636. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113636. Epub 2022 Jun 6.

Authors

Balamurugan Thirumalraj¹, Dhayanantha Prabu Jaihindh², Saleh O Alaswad³, M S P Sudhakaran⁴, Muthusamy Selvaganapathy⁵, Akram Alfantazi⁶, Heeman Choe⁷, Kyungjung Kwon⁸

Affiliations

¹ School of Materials Science & Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy & Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: balachem01@gmail.com.
² Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
³ Nuclear Science Research Institute (NSRI), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
⁵ Department of Chemistry, Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560052, India.
⁶ Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
⁷ School of Materials Science & Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
⁸ Department of Energy & Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: kfromberk@gmail.com.

PMID: 35679907
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113636

Abstract

Antibiotics are essential medications for human and animal health, as they are used to battle urinary infections and bacterial diseases. Therefore, the rapid determination of antibiotic drugs in biological samples is necessary to address the current clinical challenge. Here, we developed a heterojunction ternary composite of BiOCl/BiVO₄ nanosheets enriched with graphene oxide (BiOCl/BiVO₄@GO) for accurate and minimal-level detection of an antihistamine (promethazine hydrochloride, PMZ) in urine samples. The BiOCl/BiVO₄ nanosheets were prepared by a wet chemical approach using a deep eutectic green solvent. The spectroscopic and analytical methods verified the formation and interaction of the BiOCl/BiVO₄@GO composite. Our results showed that the thoroughly exfoliated BiOCl/BiVO₄@GO composite retained good electrical conductivity and fast charge transfer toward the electrode-electrolyte interface in neutral aqueous media. In addition, the experimental conditions were accurately optimized, and the BiOCl/BiVO₄@GO composite showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of PMZ. Indeed, the BiOCl/BiVO₄@GO composite demonstrated a good linear response range (0.01-124.7 μM) and a detection level of 3.3 nM with a sensitivity of 1.586 μA μM^-1 cm^-2. In addition, the BiOCl/BiVO₄@GO composite had excellent storage stability, good reproducibility, and reliable selectivity. Finally, the BiOCl/BiVO₄@GO displayed a desirable recovery level of PMZ in urine samples for real-time monitoring.

Keywords: Antihistamine; Differential pulse voltammetry analysis; Heterojunction composite of BiOCl/BiVO(4)@GO; Urine samples; low level detection.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Electrodes
Graphite* / chemistry
Histamine Antagonists
Reproducibility of Results

Substances

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Histamine Antagonists
graphene oxide
Graphite