CHX and a Face Shield Cannot Prevent Contamination of Surgical Masks

Madline P Gund; Jusef Naim; Matthias Hannig; Alexander Halfmann; Barbara Gärtner; Gabor Boros; Stefan Rupf

doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.896308

CHX and a Face Shield Cannot Prevent Contamination of Surgical Masks

Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 May 23:9:896308. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.896308. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Madline P Gund^{1

2}, Jusef Naim¹, Matthias Hannig¹, Alexander Halfmann³, Barbara Gärtner³, Gabor Boros², Stefan Rupf^{1

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
² Oral Surgery Clinic, German Armed Forces Central Hospital, Koblenz, Germany.
³ Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
⁴ Chair of Synoptic Dentistry, Universität Des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany.

Abstract

Background: Bacterial contamination on surgical masks puts a threat to medical staff and patients. The aim of the study was to investigate its contamination during dental treatments, wearing a face shield and performing a pre-procedural mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine (CHX).

Methods: In this prospective, randomized study, 306 treatments were included, 141 single-tooth (restorations) and 165 total dentition treatments (preventive or periodontal supportive ultrasonic application). A total of three groups (each: n = 102) were formed: participants rinsed for 60 s with 0.1 % CHX or with water before treatment, and, for control, a non-rinsing group was included. In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, a face shield covering the surgical mask enhanced personal protective equipment. After treatment, masks were imprinted on agar plates and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Bacteria were classified by phenotypic characteristics, biochemical assay methods, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Colonies (CFU) were counted and mean values were compared (Kruskal-Wallis-, U test, p < 0.05).

Results: Chlorhexidine led to a statistically significant reduction of bacterial contamination of the surgical mask (mean: 24 CFU) in comparison with water (mean: 47 CFU) and non-rinsing (mean: 80 CFU). Furthermore, rinsing with water reduced CFU significantly in comparison with the non-rinsing group. There were no significant differences between single or total dentition treatments. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp., and Bacillus spp. dominated, representing the oral and cutaneous flora.

Conclusion: A pre-procedural mouth rinse is useful to reduce the bacterial load of the surgical mask. However, contamination cannot be prevented completely, even by applying a face shield. In particular, during pandemic, it is important to consider that these additional protective measures are not able to completely avoid the transmission of pathogens bearing aerosols to the facial region. If antiseptic rinsing solutions are not available, rinsing with water is also useful.

Keywords: COVID-19; aerosols; chx; dentistry; face shield; infection control; microbiology; surgical mask.