1 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. dale_langford@urmc.rochester.edu.
2 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA. dale_langford@urmc.rochester.edu.
3 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
4 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
5 Department of Population Health Sciences, Center for Health Measurement, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
6 Hertz and Fields Consulting, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
7 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
8 Chronic Pain Research Alliance, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
9 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.