Immigrant generational status and the uptake of HIV screening services among heterosexual men of African descent in Canada: Evidence from the weSpeak study

Irenius Konkor; Isaac Luginaah; Winston Husbands; Francisca Omorodion; Roger Antabe; Josephine Wong; Vincent Kuuire; Paul Mkandawire; Josephine Etowa

doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100119

Immigrant generational status and the uptake of HIV screening services among heterosexual men of African descent in Canada: Evidence from the weSpeak study

J Migr Health. 2022 May 26:6:100119. doi: 10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100119. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Irenius Konkor¹, Isaac Luginaah², Winston Husbands³, Francisca Omorodion⁴, Roger Antabe^{2

5}, Josephine Wong⁶, Vincent Kuuire¹, Paul Mkandawire⁷, Josephine Etowa⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Mississauga Campus, Canada.
² Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, Canada.
³ Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Toronto, Canada.
⁴ Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminology, University of Windsor, Canada.
⁵ Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.
⁶ Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.
⁷ Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
⁸ School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.

Abstract

Objective: Canada became a preferred destination for many non-European and non-American migrants since the introduction of favorable immigration policies in the late 1960 s. Blackimmigrants from the African and Caribbean regions however are a known vulnerable population to HIV infection in Canada. Even though first-generation immigrants might differ from subsequent generations in terms of culture and beliefs which are important for health outcomes and behaviors, research examining disparities in their use of preventative healthcare is limited. This study aimed to examine generational disparities in the uptake of HIV screening services among a sample of heterosexual Black men in Ontario, Canada.

Methods: We used data from a cross-sectional survey sample (n = 829) that was collected from heterosexual Black men in four Ontarian cities (Toronto, Ottawa, London and Windsor) between March 2018 and February 2019. We used the negative log-log link function of the binomial family to examine the independent relationship between immigration status and the uptake of HIV testing and the cumulative effect of other predictor variables on HIV testing in nested models.

Results: Findings from multivariate analysis show second-generation immigrants were significantly less likely to test for HIV compared with their first-generation immigrant counterparts. After controlling for theoretically relevant variables, the second-generation immigrants were 53% less likely to test for HIV. We further observed that participants with good knowledge of HIV transmission (OR=1.05; p > 0.05) and those who were older were more likely to test for HIV. Those with masculine tendencies (OR=0.98; p > 0.05) and those who reported not having sexual partner were less likely to test (OR=0.57; p > 0.01). Religion emerged as a significant predictor of HIV testing as Christians (OR=1.62; p > 0.05) and other believers (OR=1.59; p > 0.05) were more likely to test for HIV when compared to their Muslim counterparts.

Conclusion: HIV prevention policies may need not only prioritize first-generation immigrants, but the wellbeing of their descendants as well. This could be achieved by implementing programs that will enhance second-generation immigrants' use of HIV screening services. Additionally, HIV educational programs would be of relevance and especially so as respondents with good knowledge of HIV transmission consistently demonstrated higher likelihood of testing for their HIV status.

Keywords: Generational status; HIV testing; Heterosexual black men; Immigrant; Ontario.