Exploring characteristics of increased suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan using provisional governmental data

Motohiro Okada; Ryusuke Matsumoto; Eishi Motomura; Takashi Shiroyama; Masahiko Murata

doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100481

Exploring characteristics of increased suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan using provisional governmental data

Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2022 May 30:24:100481. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100481. eCollection 2022 Jul.

Authors

Motohiro Okada¹, Ryusuke Matsumoto¹, Eishi Motomura¹, Takashi Shiroyama¹, Masahiko Murata²

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
² Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization Sakakibara Hospital, 777 Sakakibara, Tsu, Mie 514-1292, Japan.

Abstract

Background: The Japanese age-standardised death rate of suicide (SDR) had decreased during 2009-2019, but increased in 2020-2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: This study aimed to explain the trend change in the SDR during the pandemic, disaggregated by prefecture, gender, suicide method and household, as compared to predicted SDR derived from pre-pandemic data, using linear mixed-effect and hierarchical linear regression models with robust standard error analyses.

Findings: The SDR was lower during March-June 2020 (during the first wave of the pandemic), but higher during July-December 2020 than the predicted SDR. In 2021, males' SDR was nearly equal to the predicted SDR, whereas females' SDR in the metropolitan-region (17.5%: 95% confidence interval: 13.9-21.2%) and non-metropolitan-region (24.7%: 95% confidence interval: 22.8-26.7%) continued to be higher than the predicted SDR. These gender- and region-dependent temporal fluctuations of SDR were synchronised with those of SDRs caused by hanging, at home and single-person-households. Additionally, the rising number of infected patients with the SARS-CoV-2 and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic examinations were positively (β = 0.024) and negatively (β =-0.002) related to the SDR during the pandemic, respectively.

Interpretation: Japanese suicide statistics have previously established that the predominant method and place of suicide were by hanging and at the individual's home, respectively. The present findings suggest that transformed lifestyles during the pandemic, increasing time spent at home, enhanced the suicide risk of Japanese people by hanging and at home.

Funding: Regional Suicide Countermeasures Emergency Enhancement Fund of Mie Prefecture (2021-40).

Keywords: COVID-19; Gender; Japan; Prefecture; SDR, age-standardised death rate of suicide; Suicide mortality.