The validation of the existence of the entero-mammary pathway and the assessment of the differences of the pathway between first and third parity sows

Abstract

Forty sows (PIC Camborough 1050) from a single farm were randomly selected at 112 days of gestation to evaluate if gut bacteria transverse the blood system of the sow to deposit gut microbiota into the colostrum for piglet gut inoculation via the entero-mammary pathway. Fourteen first-parity gilts and 20 third-parity sows were used for the study. At the time of farrowing, colostrum, fecal samples, and blood samples were collected to evaluate the presence of bacteria in each sample. Colostrum and blood samples were processed via centrifugation to separate the immune cell fraction. Total DNA was extracted from fecal, colostrum, and white blood cell fractions. 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing was conducted at the Iowa State University DNA Facility (Ames, IA) to further characterize the bacterial and archaeal taxa present within each sample. Data were analyzed using Mothur and using R v4.0.3 (R Core Team, 2020). The experimental unit was the sow. Tables were generated to demonstrate the relative abundances of bacteria and archaea present in each type of sample and also identify organisms differentially abundant between sample types. Firmicutes were the most abundant phylum in colostrum and fecal samples and Tenericutes had the greatest abundance in blood comparative to other phyla. Further evaluation of the classification of bacteria present demonstrated that a few genera of bacteria are present in all three samples. Clostridum_sensu_stricto 1 was present in high relative abundance in colostrum and moderate abundance in the feces while also being present within the blood. Other genera present in all three sample types include Ruminococcus and Mycoplasma. In conclusion, the data suggest that there are bacteria present in all three locations of the sow at the time of farrowing and that first parity sows have different microbial populations than third parity sows.

Keywords: bacteria; entero-mammary; microbiota; swine.