1 Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. cghaznavi@keio.jp.
2 Medical Education Program, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Saint Louis, USA. cghaznavi@keio.jp.
3 Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
4 Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan.
5 Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
6 Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
7 Department of Mathematical and Computing Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
8 Center for Birth Cohort Studies, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
9 Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
10 Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan.
11 Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
12 Department of Sustainable Health Science, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
13 Institute for Business and Finance, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.