Little is known about the links between long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of incident microvascular disease (retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and chronic kidney disease). This study included 396 014 UK residents free of microvascular disease and macrovascular disease at baseline. Annual means of PM2.5, PM2.5-10, PM10, NO2, and NOx were assessed by land use regression models for each participant. A weighted air pollution score was generated from PM10 and NOx. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During a median follow-up of 11.7 years, 14 327 composite microvascular disease occurred. While none of the air pollutants showed any statistically significant association with the risk of retinopathy, all the air pollutants were linked to the risk of peripheral neuropathy and chronic kidney disease. The adjusted-HRs (95% CIs) for each interquartile range increase in air pollution score were 1.07 (1.05, 1.09), 1.01 (0.94, 1.07), 1.13 (1.08, 1.19), and 1.07 (1.05, 1.10) for overall microvascular disease, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and chronic kidney disease, respectively. In conclusion, long-term exposure to overall air pollution was associated with higher risks of peripheral neuropathy and chronic kidney disease among the general UK population.
Keywords: UK Biobank; air pollution; chronic kidney disease; microvascular disease; peripheral neuropathy; retinopathy.