Gliomas are the most common form of central nervous system tumor. The most prevalent form, glioblastoma multiforme, is also the most deadly with mean survival times that are less than 15 months. Therapies are severely limited by the ability of these tumors to develop resistance to both radiation and chemotherapy. Thus, new tools are needed to identify and monitor chemoresistance before and after the initiation of therapy and to maximize the initial treatment plan by identifying patterns of chemoresistance prior to the start of therapy. Here we show how magnetic resonance imaging, particularly sodium imaging, metabolomics, and genomics have all emerged as potential approaches toward the identification of biomarkers of chemoresistance. This work also illustrates how use of these tools together represents a particularly promising approach to understanding mechanisms of chemoresistance and the development individualized treatment strategies for patients.
Keywords: Sodium MRI; diffusion; genes; glycolysis; resistance; warburg effect.
© The Author(s) 2019.