S and N-doped carbon dots (S-CDs and N-CDs) and their cisplatin (cis-Pt) derivatives. (S-CDs@cis-Pt and N-CDs@cis-Pt) were tested on two ovarian cancer cell lines: A2780 and A2780 cells resistant to cis-Pt (A2780R). Several spectroscopic techniques were employed to check S-CDs@cis-Pt and N-CDs@cis-Pt: solid- and solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance, matrix-assisted laser desorption, ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, synchrotron-based Fourier Transformed Infrared spectro-microscopy was used to evaluate the biochemical changes in cells after treatment with cis-Pt, S-CDs, N-CDs, or S-CDs@cis-Pt and N-CDs@cis-Pt, respectively. Computational chemistry was applied to establish the model for the most stable bond between S-CDs and N-CDs and cis-Pt. The results revealed the successful modification of S-CDs and N-CDs with cis-Pt and the formation of a stable composite system that can be used for drug delivery to cancer cells and likewise to overcome acquired cis-Pt resistance. Nanoparticle treatment of A2780 and A2780R cells led to the changes in their structure of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids depending on the treatment. The results showed the S-CDs@cis-Pt and N-CDs@cis-Pt might be used in the combination with cis-Pt to treat the adenocarcinoma, thus having a potential to be further developed as drug delivery systems.
Keywords: Carbon dots; Cisplatin; Cisplatin resistance; Drug delivery; Ovarian cancer; Spectroscopy.
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