Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) is a popular, low-cost, nontoxic material that finds application as a transparent conducting electrode in photonic, sensing, and photovoltaic devices. We report the AZO thin films with a high figure of merit on large-area glass substrates by direct current magnetron sputtering without any intentional substrate heating. Furthermore, a simple thermal post-treatment to improve the transmittance of AZO thin film in the infrared region for its application in low-band-gap devices is presented. High optoelectronic properties are obtained by optimizing oxygen content during the sputtering process. The structural, morphological, optoelectrical, and photoluminescence characterization of cold sputtered AZO films is investigated for its latent applications. AZO thin films with an electrical sheet resistance of 8.8 Ω/□ and a visible light transmittance of 78.5% with thickness uniformity above 95% are achieved on 300 mm × 300 mm glass substrate. The AZO film with optimized process conditions is employed as a transparent electrode to fabricate a copper-indium-gallium-selenide-based thin film solar cell, demonstrating 11.8% power conversion efficiency. The AZO film with optimized sputter conditions was post-treated in ambient conditions with an Al blanket to suppress the resistivity by proper organization of the defects due to Al3+ consumption and point defects, resulting in improved transparency (85%) in the infrared region with a sheet resistance of 40 Ω/□. This has great potential for developing scalable and low-cost AZO thin films for transparent electrodes in a wide range of the spectrum.
© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.