Synthesis of calcium carbonate microcapsules as self-healing containers

Nadeesha Maduwanthi Hettiarachchi; Rangika Thilan De Silva; M M M G Prasanga Gayanath Mantilaka; Pooria Pasbakhsh; K M Nalin De Silva; Gehan A J Amaratunga

doi:10.1039/c9ra03804c

Synthesis of calcium carbonate microcapsules as self-healing containers

RSC Adv. 2019 Jul 30;9(41):23666-23677. doi: 10.1039/c9ra03804c. eCollection 2019 Jul 29.

Authors

Nadeesha Maduwanthi Hettiarachchi¹, Rangika Thilan De Silva^{1

2}, M M M G Prasanga Gayanath Mantilaka^{1

2}, Pooria Pasbakhsh³, K M Nalin De Silva^{1

2

4}, Gehan A J Amaratunga^{1

2

5}

Affiliations

¹ Academy of Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC Academy) Nanotechnology and Science Park, Mahenwatta, Pitipana, Homagama 10200 Sri Lanka rangikaDS@slintec.lk.
² Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) Nanotechnology and Science Park, Mahenwatte, Pitipana, Homagama 10200 Sri Lanka.
³ Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia Jalan Lagoon Selatan Bandar Sunway 47500 Selangor Malaysia.
⁴ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo Colombo 00300 Sri Lanka.
⁵ Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge 9 J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0FA UK.

Abstract

Contemporary studies of self-healing polymer composites are based on microcapsules synthesized using synthetic and toxic polymers, biopolymers, etc. via methods such as in situ polymerization, electrospraying, and air atomization. Herein, we synthesized a healing agent, epoxy (EPX) encapsulated calcium carbonate (CC) microcapsules, which was used to prepare self-healing EPX composites as a protective coating for metals. The CC microcapsules were synthesized using two facile methods, namely, the soft-template method (STM) and the in situ emulsion method (EM). Microcapsules prepared using the STM (ST-CC) were synthesized using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant micelles as the soft-template, while the microcapsules prepared using the EM (EM-CC) were synthesized in an oil-in-water (O/W) in situ emulsion. These prepared CC microcapsules were characterized using light microscopy (LMC), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The synthesized ST-CC microcapsules were spherical in shape, with an average diameter of 2.5 μm and an average shell wall thickness of 650 nm, while EM-CC microcapsules had a near-spherical shape with an average diameter of 3.4 μm and an average shell wall thickness of 880 nm. The ST-CC capsules exhibited flake-like rough surfaces while EM-CC capsules showed smooth bulgy surfaces. The loading capacity of ST-CC and EM-CC microcapsules were estimated using TGA and found to be 11% and 36%, respectively. The FTIR and NMR spectra confirmed the EPX encapsulation and the unreactive nature of the loaded EPX with the inner walls of CC microcapsules. The synthesized CC microcapsules were further incorporated into an EPX matrix to prepare composite coatings with 10 (w/w%), 20 (w/w%), and 50 (w/w%) capsule loadings. The prepared EPX composite coatings were scratched and observed using FE-SEM and LMC to evaluate the release of encapsulated EPX inside the CC capsules, which is analogous to the healing behaviour. Moreover, EPX composite coatings with 20 (w/w%) and 50 (w/w%) of ST-CC showed better healing performances. Thus, it was observed that ST-CC microcapsules outperformed EM-CC. Additionally, the EPX/CC coatings showed remarkable self-healing properties by closing the gaps of the scratch surfaces. Thus, these formaldehyde-free, biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic CC based EPX composite coatings hold great potential to be used as a protective coating for metal substrates. Primary results detected significant corrosion retardancy due to the self-healing coatings under an accelerated corrosion process, which was performed with a salt spray test.