Metabolic profiling of serum and urine in lactating dairy cows affected by subclinical ketosis using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Jun Sik Eom; Shin Ja Lee; Hyun Sang Kim; Youyoung Choi; Seong Uk Jo; Sang Suk Lee; Eun Tae Kim; Sung Sill Lee

doi:10.5187/jast.2022.e14

Metabolic profiling of serum and urine in lactating dairy cows affected by subclinical ketosis using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

J Anim Sci Technol. 2022 Mar;64(2):247-261. doi: 10.5187/jast.2022.e14. Epub 2022 Mar 31.

Authors

Jun Sik Eom¹, Shin Ja Lee^{1

2}, Hyun Sang Kim¹, Youyoung Choi³, Seong Uk Jo³, Sang Suk Lee⁴, Eun Tae Kim⁵, Sung Sill Lee^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
² University Centered Labs, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
³ Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National Universitiy, Jinju 52828, Korea.
⁴ Ruminant Nutrition and Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea.
⁵ Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea.

Abstract

Ketosis is associated with high milk yield during lactating or insufficient feed intake in lactating dairy cows. However, few studies have been conducted on the metabolomics of ketosis in Korean lactating dairy cows. The present study aimed to investigate the serum and urine metabolites profiling of lactating dairy cows through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy and comparing those between healthy (CON) and subclinical ketosis (SCK) groups. Six lactating dairy cows were categorized into CON and SCK groups. All experimental Holstein cows were fed total mixed ration. Serum and urine samples were collected from the jugular vein of the neck and by hand sweeping the perineum, respectively. The metabolites in the serum and urine were determined using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. Identification and quantification of metabolites was performed by Chenomx NMR Suite 8.4 software. Metabolites statistical analysis was performed by Metaboanalyst version 5.0 program. In the serum, the acetoacetate level was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the SCK group than in the CON group, and whereas acetate, galactose and pyruvate levels tended to be higher. CON group had significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of 5-aminolevulinate and betaine. Indole-3-acetate, theophylline, p-cresol, 3-hydroxymandelate, gentisate, N-acetylglucosamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, xanthine and pyridoxine levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the urine of the SCK group than that in the CON group, which had higher levels of homogentisate, ribose, gluconate, ethylene glycol, maltose, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate and glycocholate. Some significantly (p < 0.05) different metabolites in the serum and urine were associated with ketosis diseases, inflammation, energy balance and body weight. This study will be contributed useful a future ketosis metabolomics studies in Korea.

Keywords: Lactating dairy cow; Metabolites; Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Serum; Subclinical ketosis; Urine.