Production of green biofuel by using a goat manure supported Ni-Al hydrotalcite catalysed deoxygenation process

Shajaratun Nur Zdainal Abidin; Hwei Voon Lee; Joon Ching Juan; Noorsaadah Abd Rahman; Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap

doi:10.1039/c8ra07818a

Production of green biofuel by using a goat manure supported Ni-Al hydrotalcite catalysed deoxygenation process

RSC Adv. 2019 Jan 11;9(3):1642-1652. doi: 10.1039/c8ra07818a. eCollection 2019 Jan 9.

Authors

Shajaratun Nur Zdainal Abidin¹, Hwei Voon Lee¹, Joon Ching Juan¹, Noorsaadah Abd Rahman², Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap³

Affiliations

¹ Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (Nanocat), Institute of Advance Studies, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia leehweivoon@um.edu.my +603-79676959 +603-7957 6956.
² Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
³ Catalysis Science & Technology Research Centre (PutraCAT), Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia.

Abstract

The high oxygen content in natural biomass resources, such as vegetable oil or biomass-pyrolysed bio oil, is the main constraint in their implementation as a full-scale biofuel for the automotive industry. In the present study, renewable fuel with petrodiesel-like properties was produced via catalytic deoxygenation of oleic acid in the absence of hydrogen (H₂). The deoxygenation pathway of oleic acid to bio-hydrocarbon involves decarboxylation/decarbonylation of the oxygen content from the fatty acid structure in the form of carbon dioxide (CO₂)/carbon monoxide (CO), with the presence of a goat manure supported Ni-Al hydrotalcite (Gm/Ni-Al) catalyst. Goat manure is an abundant bio-waste, containing a high mineral content, urea as well as cellulosic fiber of plants, which is potentially converted into activated carbon. Synthesis of Gm/Ni-Al was carried out by incorporation of pre-activated goat manure (GmA) during co-precipitation of Ni-Al catalyst with 1 : 3, 1 : 1 and 3 : 1 ratios. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area, field emission surface electron microscopy (FESEM) and temperature program desorption ammonia (TPD-NH₃) analysers. The catalytic deoxygenation reaction was performed in a batch reactor and the product obtained was characterized by using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) for compound composition identification as well as gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) for yield and selectivity determination. The optimization and evaluation were executed using response surface methodology (RSM) in conjunction with central composite design (CCD) with 5-level-3-factors. From the RSM reaction model, it was found that the Gm/Ni-Al 1 : 1 catalysed deoxygenation reaction gives the optimum product yield of 97.9% of hydrocarbon in the range of C₈-C₂₀, with diesel selectivity (C₁₇: heptadecane and heptadecene compounds) of 63.7% at the optimal reaction conditions of: (1) reaction temperature: 327.14 °C, (2) reaction time: 1 h, and (3) catalyst amount: 5 wt%.