Integrated optical and electrochemical detection of Cu2+ ions in water using a sandwich amino acid-gold nanoparticle-based nano-biosensor consisting of a transparent-conductive platform

Mehdi Atapour; Ghasem Amoabediny; Mojgan Ahmadzadeh-Raji

doi:10.1039/c8ra09659g

Integrated optical and electrochemical detection of Cu²⁺ ions in water using a sandwich amino acid-gold nanoparticle-based nano-biosensor consisting of a transparent-conductive platform

RSC Adv. 2019 Mar 18;9(16):8882-8893. doi: 10.1039/c8ra09659g. eCollection 2019 Mar 15.

Authors

Mehdi Atapour^{1

2}, Ghasem Amoabediny^{1

2}, Mojgan Ahmadzadeh-Raji^{2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran Enghelab St., P. O. Box 11155-4563 Tehran Iran amoabediny@ut.ac.ir.
² Department of Nanobiotechnology, Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran Tehran Iran.
³ Rastegar Research Lab, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran Tehran Iran.

Abstract

In this paper, an optical-electrochemical nano-biosensor was introduced for measuring Cu²⁺ ion concentrations in water. A multi-step procedure was used to fabricate the transparent-conductive biosensor platform consisting of an l-cysteine-gold nanoparticle-based sandwich structure. First, colloidal gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were synthesized according to the Turkevich-Frens method with some modifications and then functionalized with l-cysteine molecules (GNP/l-cys). Then, cyclic voltammetry was preformed in buffered solutions containing HAuCl₄·3H₂O for gold nanoparticle electrodeposition on cleaned ITO glasses. The GNP-electrodeposited ITO glasses (ITO/GNPs) were thermally treated in air atmosphere for 1 hour at a temperature of 300 °C. Following the procedure, the gold nanoparticles on ITO/GNPs substrates were functionalized with l-cysteine to prepare ITO/GNPs/l-cys substrates. Finally, the sandwich-type substrates of ITO/GNPs/l-cys⋯Cu²⁺⋯l-cys/GNPs were fabricated by accumulation of Cu²⁺ ions using an open circuit technique performed in copper ion buffer solutions in the presence of previously produced colloidal GNP/l-cys nanoparticles. The effective parameters including GNP/l-cys solution volume, pre-concentration pH and pre-concentration time on the LSPR and SWV responses were investigated and optimized. The fabricated transparent-conductive platforms were successfully assessed as a nano-biosensor for detection of copper ions using two different methods of square wave voltammetry (SWV) and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). As a result, the proposed biosensor showed a high sensitivity, selectivity and a wide detectable concentration range to copper ions. The total linear range and the limit of detection (LOD) of the nano-biosensor were 10-100 000 nM (0.6-6354.6 ppb) and below 5 nM (0.3 ppb), respectively. The results demonstrated the potential of combining two different optical and electrochemical methods for quantitation of the single analyte on the same biosensor platform and obtaining richer data. Also, these results indicated that the developed LSPR-SWV biosensor was superior to many other copper biosensors presented in the literature in terms of linear range and LOD. The developed nano-biosensor was successfully applied in the determination of trace Cu²⁺ concentration in actual tap water samples.