Low disease awareness as a contributing factor to the high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Tzukuan, a hyperendemic area of southern Taiwan

Abstract

Understanding the barriers and tackling the hurdles of hepatitis C virus (HCV) care cascades is key to HCV elimination. The current study aimed to investigate the rates of disease awareness, link-to-care, and treatment uptake of HCV in a hyperendemic area in Taiwan. Tzukuan residents from 2000 to 2018 were invited to participate in the questionnaire-based interviews for HCV. The rates of disease awareness, accessibility, and anti-HCV therapy were evaluated in anti-HCV-seropositive participants. Among 10,348 residents, 1789 (17.3%) were anti-HCV seropositive. Of these 1789 anti-HCV-seropositive participants, data of 594 participants from questionnaire-based interviews in 2005-2018 were analyzed for HCV care cascades. Overall, 24.9% of anti-HCV-seropositive HCV participants had disease awareness, 53.9% of aware participants had accessibility, and 79.8% of assessed participants had received HCV treatment, with a community effectiveness of 10.7%. HCV prevalence decreased over time, from 21.2% in the early cohort to 9.3% in the recent cohort. Disease awareness increased over time, from 15.6% to 41.7%, with the community effectiveness increasing from 1.3% to 28.8%. Lower education levels and normal liver biochemistry were associated with a lower rate of disease awareness. Notably, 68% of participants with abnormal liver biochemistry and 69% of those with advanced fibrosis (FIB-4 > 3.25) were unaware of their HCV disease. We demonstrated huge gaps in disease awareness, link-to-care, and treatment uptake in the HCV care cascade in an HCV-hyperendemic area, even in the initial era of direct-acting antiviral agents. There is an urgent need to overcome these hurdles to achieve HCV elimination.

Keywords: HCV; awareness; community effectiveness; hyperendemic; prevalence.