Background: Anemia and chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) are common and begin early in CKD. Limited studies have concurrently compared the effects of ferric citrate (FC) versus intravenous (IV) iron on CKD-MBD and iron homeostasis in moderate CKD.
Methods: We tested the effects of 10 weeks of 2% FC versus IV iron sucrose in rats with moderate CKD (Cy/+ male rat) and untreated normal (NL) littermates. Outcomes included a comprehensive assessment of CKD-MBD, iron homeostasis and oxidative stress.
Results: CKD rats had azotemia, elevated phosphorus, parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23). Compared with untreated CKD rats, treatment with FC led to lower plasma phosphorus, intact FGF23 and a trend (P = 0.07) toward lower C-terminal FGF23. FC and IV iron equally reduced aorta and heart calcifications to levels similar to NL animals. Compared with NL animals, CKD animals had higher bone turnover, lower trabecular volume and no difference in mineralization; these were unaffected by either iron treatment. Rats treated with IV iron had cortical and bone mechanical properties similar to NL animals. FC increased the transferrin saturation rate compared with untreated CKD and NL rats. Neither iron treatment increased oxidative stress above that of untreated CKD.
Conclusions: Oral FC improved phosphorus homeostasis, some iron-related parameters and the production and cleavage of FGF23. The intermittent effect of low-dose IV iron sucrose on cardiovascular calcification and bone should be further explored in moderate-advanced CKD.
Keywords: chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder; ferric citrate; intravenous iron; iron sucrose; oxidative stress.
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.