Parallel Multichannel Assessment of Rotationally Manipulated Magnetic Nanoparticles

Syed I Hussain; Lamar O Mair; Alexander J Willis; Georgia Papavasiliou; Bing Liu; Irving N Weinberg; Herbert H Engelhard

doi:10.2147/NSA.S358931

Parallel Multichannel Assessment of Rotationally Manipulated Magnetic Nanoparticles

Nanotechnol Sci Appl. 2022 Apr 19:15:1-15. doi: 10.2147/NSA.S358931. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Syed I Hussain^{1

2

3}, Lamar O Mair⁴, Alexander J Willis⁵, Georgia Papavasiliou², Bing Liu⁶, Irving N Weinberg⁴, Herbert H Engelhard^{1

3

7}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
² Biomedical Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
³ NanoMagnetic Therapeutics Corp., Wilmette, IL, USA.
⁴ Weinberg Medical Physics, Inc., North Bethesda, MD, USA.
⁵ Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁶ IMRA America, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁷ Department of Bioengineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.

Abstract

Background: Rotational manipulation of chains or clusters of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) offers a means for directed translation and payload delivery that should be explored for clinical use. Multiple MNP types are available, yet few studies have performed side-by-side comparisons to evaluate characteristics such as velocity, movement at a distance, and capacity for drug conveyance or dispersion.

Purpose: Our goal was to design, build, and study an electric device allowing simultaneous, multichannel testing (e.g., racing) of MNPs in response to a rotating magnetic field. We would then select the "best" MNP and use it with optimized device settings, to transport an unbound therapeutic agent.

Methods: A magnetomotive system was constructed, with a Helmholtz pair of coils on either side of a single perpendicular coil, on top of which was placed an acrylic tray having multiple parallel lanes. Five different MNPs were tested: graphene-coated cobalt MNPs (TurboBeads™), nickel nanorods, gold-iron alloy MNPs, gold-coated Fe₃O₄ MNPs, and uncoated Fe₃O₄ MNPs. Velocities were determined in response to varying magnetic field frequencies (5-200 Hz) and heights (0-18 cm). Velocities were normalized to account for minor lane differences. Doxorubicin was chosen as the therapeutic agent, assayed using a CLARIOstar Plus microplate reader.

Results: The MMS generated a maximal MNP velocity of 0.9 cm/s. All MNPs encountered a "critical" frequency at 20-30 Hz. Nickel nanorods had the optimal response based on tray height and were then shown to enable unbound doxorubicin dispersion along 10.5 cm in <30 sec.

Conclusion: A rotating magnetic field can be conveniently generated using a three-coil electromagnetic device, and used to induce rotational and translational movement of MNP aggregates over mesoscale distances. The responses of various MNPs can be compared side-by-side using multichannel acrylic trays to assess suitability for drug delivery, highlighting their potential for further in vivo applications.

Keywords: doxorubicin; drug delivery; electromagnetic field; magnetic drug targeting; nanoparticle assay; rotating fields.