COVID-19 disease and vaccination in pregnant and lactating women

Abstract

Background: More than 325,000 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported among pregnant women in the Americas.

Aims: This review examines the impact of COVID-19 in pregnant women and describes available evidence on the safety, effectiveness, and immune response(s) to vaccination among pregnant and lactating women.

Content: Multiple studies indicate that pregnant women are more susceptible to adverse COVID-19 outcomes, including hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and invasive ventilation than non-pregnant women with COVID-19. Furthermore, COVID-19 in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Adverse COVID-19 outcomes appear to disproportionately affect pregnant women from low- and middle-income countries, likely reflecting inequities in access to quality healthcare. Despite the absence of safety and efficacy data from randomized clinical trials in this subpopulation, observational studies and data from pregnancy registries thus far have demonstrated that vaccination of pregnant or lactating women against COVID-19 is safe, effective, and results in robust immune responses including transfer of antibodies to the newborn via the placenta and breast milk, respectively.

Implications: These data support vaccination recommendations intending to help protect these vulnerable individuals against COVID-19 and its sequelae. Randomized clinical studies will further evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in these populations. This review examines the impact of COVID-19 in pregnant women and describes available evidence on the safety, effectiveness, and immune response(s) to vaccination among pregnant and lactating women.

Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines; SARS-CoV-2; VACCINATION; immunogenicity; lactation; pregnancy; safety.