Use of Nd:YVO4 laser, photodynamic therapy, sulfuric acid and sand blasting on improving bond integrity of PEEK to resin cement with adhesive

Abstract

Aim: The present study aimed to inspect and compare several PEEK surface treatments modifications using Photodynamic therapy (PDT), Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO₄) laser, Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄), and sandblasting (SB) when bonded to composite resin via an adhesive system MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred disk-shaped PEEK specimens were prepared by CAD-CAM milling and randomly distributed into five groups based on surface treatment methods: group1: Control (no treatment), group 2: PDT, group 3: Nd:YVO₄ laser, group 4: H₂SO₄ and group 5 sandblasting. Later bonding was pursued using resin cement with an adhesive system. Measurements of surface roughness employing a surface profilometer, water contact angle by the static drop method, SBS by universal Testing machine, and failure modes of de-bonded PEEK specimens by Stereomicroscope were attained. Execution of statistical analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p>0.05). The Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Bartlett's test for homoscedasticity were also performed.

Results: The highest SBS was exhibited by Nd:YVO₄ laser (16.33 ± 0.71 MPa) and the lowest SBS was observed in the control group (9.4 ± 1.02). However, PEEK specimen luted with resin cement treated with PDT (16.21 ± 0.14 MPa) and H₂SO₄ (15.23 ± 0.63 MPa) displayed a comparable SBS to Nd:YVO₄ laser (p>0.05). The results of Ra exhibited that PEEK material when exposed to Nd:YVO₄ laser (15.252 ± 1.581 μm) unveiled the highest Ra. Nd:YVO₄ laser (131.25 ± 2.9 μm) and PDT (130.24 ± 3.7 μm) showed comparable WCA values (p>0.05).Adhesive failure was dominant.

Conclusion: PEEK surface treated with photodynamic therapy and Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate laser and bonded to composite resin via an adhesive system significantly improved shear bond strength, surface roughness, and water contact angle.

Keywords: Curcumin photosensitizer; Nd:YVO(4) laser; Peek; Photodynamic therapy; Sandblasting; Shear bond strength; Sulfuric acid; Surface treatment.