Epidemiology and phenotypes of diabetes in children and adolescents in non-European-origin populations in or from Western Pacific region

Steven James; Jayanthi Maniam; Pik-To Cheung; Tatsuhiko Urakami; Julia von Oettingen; Supawadee Likitmaskul; Graham Ogle

doi:10.5409/wjcp.v11.i2.173

Epidemiology and phenotypes of diabetes in children and adolescents in non-European-origin populations in or from Western Pacific region

World J Clin Pediatr. 2022 Mar 9;11(2):173-195. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v11.i2.173.

Authors

Steven James¹, Jayanthi Maniam², Pik-To Cheung³, Tatsuhiko Urakami⁴, Julia von Oettingen⁵, Supawadee Likitmaskul⁶, Graham Ogle²

Affiliations

¹ School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie 4502, Queensland, Australia. sjames1@usc.edu.au.
² Life for a Child Program, Diabetes NSW & ACT, Glebe 2017, New South Wales, Australia.
³ Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Virtus Medical Group, Hong Kong, China.
⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
⁵ Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal H4A 3JI, Quebec, Canada.
⁶ Siriraj Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.

Abstract

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence varies substantially between countries/ territories, with most studies indicating increasing incidence. In Western Pacific region (WPR), reported rates are much lower than European-origin populations. In contrast, there are reports of substantial numbers of young people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A deeper understanding of T1D and T2D in the WPR may illuminate factors important in pathogenesis of these conditions. Furthermore, with varying resources and funding for diabetes treatment in this region, there is a need to more clearly determine the current burden of disease and also any gaps in knowledge.

Aim: To compile and summarise published epidemiologic and phenotypic data on childhood diabetes in non-European populations in and from WPR.

Methods: Research articles were systematically searched from PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Cochrane library, and gray literature. Primary outcome measures were incidence and prevalence, with secondary measures including phenotypic descriptions of diabetes, including diabetes type categorization, presence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at onset, autoantibody positivity, C-peptide levels, and human leucocyte antigen phenotype. Extracted data were collected using a customized template. Three hundred and thirty relevant records were identified from 16 countries/territories, with analysis conducted on 265 (80.3%) records published from the year 2000.

Results: T1D incidence ranged from < 1-7.3/100000 individuals/year, rates were highest in emigrant/ mixed populations and lowest in South-East Asia, with most countries/territories (71.4%) having no data since 1999. Incidence was increasing in all six countries/territories with data (annual increases 0.5%-14.2%, highest in China). Peak age-of-onset was 10-14 years, with a female case excess. Rate of DKA at onset varied from 19.3%-70%. Pancreatic autoantibodies at diagnosis were similar to European-origin populations, with glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 autoantibody frequency of 44.1%-64.5%, insulinoma-associated 2 autoantibody 43.5%-70.7%, and zinc transporter-8 autoantibody frequency 54.3% (one study). Fulminant T1D also occurs. T2D was not uncommon, with incidence in Japan and one Chinese study exceeding T1D rates. Monogenic forms also occurred in a number of countries.

Conclusion: T1D is less common, but generally has a classic phenotype. Some countries/ territories have rapidly increasing incidence. T2D is relatively common. Registries and studies are needed to fill many information gaps.

Keywords: Adolescents; Children; Diabetes; Epidemiology; Phenotypes; Western Pacific.