Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for detection of rutin antioxidant by layered Ti3Al0.5Cu0.5C2 MAX phase

Ahmet Şenocak; Vildan Sanko; Süreyya Oğuz Tümay; Yasin Orooji; Erhan Demirbas; Yeojoon Yoon; Alireza Khataee

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2022.113016

Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for detection of rutin antioxidant by layered Ti₃Al_0.5Cu_0.5C₂ MAX phase

Food Chem Toxicol. 2022 Jun:164:113016. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113016. Epub 2022 Apr 15.

Authors

Ahmet Şenocak¹, Vildan Sanko¹, Süreyya Oğuz Tümay¹, Yasin Orooji², Erhan Demirbas¹, Yeojoon Yoon³, Alireza Khataee⁴

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Turkey.
² College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China. Electronic address: orooji@zjnu.edu.cn.
³ Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yajoony@yonsei.ac.kr.
⁴ Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Turkey; Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: akhataee@gtu.edu.tr.

PMID: 35430329
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113016

Abstract

MAX phases have attracted great attention due to unique features such as thermal and electrical conductivity, easy fabrication, heat resistant, and lightweight. In this study, an easy and green method was employed to successfully develop a Ti₃Al_0.5Cu_0.5C₂ MAX phase structure, and a Ti₃Al_0.5Cu_0.5C₂ based glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was applied for the electrochemical determination of rutin antioxidants in mandarin and kiwi samples. The developed Ti₃Al_0.5Cu_0.5C₂ MAX phase was characterized by different techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to obtain information on the structural and morphological properties. Electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were employed for the determination of rutin using Ti₃Al_0.5Cu_0.5C₂/GCE. The GCE modified with Ti₃Al_0.5Cu_0.5C₂ demonstrated amplified electrochemical response (ca. 4.25 times) in comparison to the bare GCE towards rutin, and exhibited ultra-sensitivity and selectivity in the presence of other interfering antioxidants. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity in the range of 0.02-50.00 μmol L^-1 was obtained for rutin analysis by the Ti₃Al_0.5Cu_0.5C₂-based sensor with a limit of detection (LOD, 3σ/K) as low as 0.015 μmol L^-1. The fabricated Ti₃Al_0.5Cu_0.5C₂ MAX phase was applied to determine trace levels of rutin in mandarin and kiwi samples with validation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thus highlighting its potential for the electrochemical determination of small molecules in the agricultural field.

Keywords: Electrochemical sensor; MAX phase Materials; Rutin detection; Two-dimensional materials.

MeSH terms

Antioxidants*
Carbon / chemistry
Electrochemical Techniques / methods
Electrodes
Limit of Detection
Rutin* / analysis
Titanium

Substances

Antioxidants
Rutin
Carbon
Titanium