Evaluating the cytotoxicity of Ge-Sb-Se chalcogenide glass optical fibres on 3T3 mouse fibroblasts

David Mabwa; Teo Kubiena; Harriet Parnell; Rong Su; David Furniss; Zhuoqi Tang; Richard Leach; Trevor M Benson; Colin A Scotchford; Angela B Seddon

doi:10.1039/d0ra00353k

Evaluating the cytotoxicity of Ge-Sb-Se chalcogenide glass optical fibres on 3T3 mouse fibroblasts

RSC Adv. 2021 Feb 25;11(15):8682-8693. doi: 10.1039/d0ra00353k. eCollection 2021 Feb 23.

Authors

David Mabwa^{1

2}, Teo Kubiena^{1

2}, Harriet Parnell^{1

2}, Rong Su³, David Furniss^{1

2}, Zhuoqi Tang^{1

2}, Richard Leach³, Trevor M Benson¹, Colin A Scotchford², Angela B Seddon^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Mid-Infrared Photonics Group, George Green Institute for Electromagnetic Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK david.mabwa@nottingham.ac.uk angela.seddon@nottinghan.ac.uk.
² Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK.
³ Manufacturing Metrology Team, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK.

Abstract

In vivo cancer detection based on the mid-infrared molecular fingerprint of tissue is promising for the fast diagnosis and treatment of suspected cancer patients. Few materials are mid-infrared transmissive, even fewer, which can be converted into functional, low-loss optical fibres for in vivo non-invasive testing. Chalcogenide-based glass optical fibres are, however, one of the few. These glasses are transmissive in the mid-infrared and are currently under development for use in molecular sensing devices. The cytotoxicity of these materials is however unknown. The cytotoxicity of Ge-Sb-Se chalcogenide optical glass fibres on 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells is here investigated. Fibres exposed to four different pre-treatment conditions are used: as-drawn (AD), propylamine-etched (PE), oxidised-and-washed (OW) and oxidised (Ox). To achieve the latter two conditions, fibres are treated with H₂O₂(aqueous (aq.)) and dried to produce a surface oxide layer; this is either washed off (OW) or left on the glass surface (Ox). Cellular response is investigated via 3 day elution and 14 day direct contact trials. The concentration of the metalloids (Ge, Sb and Se) in each leachate was measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cell viability is assessed using the neutral red assay and scanning electron microscopy. The concentration of Ge, Sb and Se ions after a 3 day dissolution was as follows. In AD leachates, Ge: 0.40 mg L^-1, Sb: 0.17 mg L^-1, and Se: 0.06 mg L^-1. In PE leachates, Ge: 0.22 mg L^-1, Sb: 0.15 mg L^-1, and Se: 0.02 mg L^-1. In Ox leachates, Ge: 823.8 mg L^-1, Sb: 2586.6 mg L^-1, and Se: 3750 mg L^-1. Direct contact trials show confluent cell layers on AD, PE and OW fibres after 14 days, while no cells are observed on the Ox surfaces. A >50% cell viability is observed in AD, PE and OW eluates after 3 days, when compared with Ox eluates (<10% cell viability). Toxicity in Ox is attributed to the notable pH change, from neutral pH 7.49 to acidic pH 2.44, that takes place on dissolution of the surface oxide layer in the growth media. We conclude, as-prepared Ge-Sb-Se glasses are cytocompatible and toxicity arises when an oxide layer is forced to develop on the glass surface.