Cognitive impairment and pain relief following hip fractures: a case control study

Raiyyan Aftab; Divyansh Dixit; Simon Williams; Laurence Baker; David Raindle Clarke; Christopher Jack

doi:10.1177/20494637211041146

Cognitive impairment and pain relief following hip fractures: a case control study

Br J Pain. 2022 Apr;16(2):203-213. doi: 10.1177/20494637211041146. Epub 2021 Sep 2.

Authors

Raiyyan Aftab^{1

2}, Divyansh Dixit³, Simon Williams², Laurence Baker², David Raindle Clarke⁴, Christopher Jack¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
² University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
³ School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
⁴ Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK.

Abstract

Hip fractures represent a significant workload of both emergency and orthopaedic departments within the National Health Service (NHS). Pain relief is key in treating hip fractures as highlighted by both National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) and British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma (BOAST) guidelines. However, the literature shows that patients with cognitive impairment tend to have inconsistent pain management, leading to worse outcomes. We conducted a case-control study looking at 296 patients who presented with hip fractures to a major trauma centre between 1 December 2019 and 30 May 2020. Cognition was assessed using pre-recorded Abbreviated Mental Test Scores (AMTS). There was no significant difference between pain relief provided to patients with or without cognitive impairment in both the pre-hospital (p = 0.208) and Accident & Emergency (A&E) (p = 0.154) setting. A larger proportion of patients in A&E did not receive any pain relief (18.6% versus 42.2%). Pre-hospital, the higher the pain score, the stronger the analgesia given (R = 0.435, p = 0.000). This relationship was present in both the cognitively impaired (R = 0.572, p = 0.000) and cognitively intact groups (R = 0.390 p = 0.000). Strength of analgesia and pain scores did not correlate in A&E (R = 0.014, p = 0.826). Cognition did not impact the time to analgesia both pre-hospital (p = 0.291) and in A&E (p = 0.332); however, patients waited significantly longer to receive pain relief in A&E (29.61 minutes versus 150.28 minutes). Fascia-iliaca blocks were administered to 58.4% of the cohort, with no significant difference noted between cognition status. Overall, cognition does not impact pain management both pre-hospital and in A&E. There is still room for improvement, particularly in the assessment of pain in the cognitively impaired. A possible solution is the utilisation of the Bolton Pain Assessment Tool, a validated pain assessment tool for the cognitively impaired that has been utilised in the trauma setting with good effect.

Keywords: Cognition; cognitive impairment; hip fractures; neck of femur fractures; pain assessment.