Early detection of brain metastases (BM) is one of the determining factors for the successful treatment of patients with cancer; however, the accurate detection of small BM lesions (< 15 mm) remains a challenging task. We previously described a framework for the detection of small BM in single-sequence gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted 3D MRI datasets. It combined classical image processing (IP) with a dedicated convolutional neural network, taking approximately 30 s to process each dataset due to computation-intensive IP stages. To overcome the speed limitation, this study aims to reformulate the framework via an augmented pair of CNNs (eliminating the IP) to reduce the processing times while preserving the BM detection performance. Our previous implementation of the BM detection algorithm utilized Laplacian of Gaussians (LoG) for the candidate selection portion of the solution. In this study, we introduce a novel BM candidate detection CNN (cdCNN) to replace this classical IP stage. The network is formulated to have (1) a similar receptive field as the LoG method, and (2) a bias for the detection of BM lesion loci. The proposed CNN is later augmented with a classification CNN to perform the BM detection task. The cdCNN achieved 97.4% BM detection sensitivity when producing 60 K candidates per 3D MRI dataset, while the LoG achieved 96.5% detection sensitivity with 73 K candidates. The augmented BM detection framework generated on average 9.20 false-positive BM detections per patient for 90% sensitivity, which is comparable with our previous results. However, it processes each 3D data in 1.9 s, presenting a 93.5% reduction in the computation time.
Keywords: Brain metastases; Computer-aided detection; Convolutional neural networks; Magnetic resonance imaging; Scale-space representations.
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