A single screen-printed electrode in tandem with chemometric tools for the forensic differentiation of Brazilian beers

Sci Rep. 2022 Apr 4;12(1):5630. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09632-9.

Abstract

In the present study a single screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and chemometric techniques were utilized for forensic differentiation of Brazilian American lager beers. To differentiate Brazilian beers at the manufacturer and brand level, the classification techniques: soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), partial least squares regression discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and support vector machines discriminant analysis (SVM-DA) were tested. PLS-DA model presented an inconclusive assignment ratio of 20%. On the other hand, SIMCA models had a 0 inconclusive rate but an sensitivity close to 85%. While the non-linear technique (SVM-DA) showed an accuracy of 98%, with 95% sensitivity and 98% specificity. The SPCE-SVM-DA technique was then used to distinguish at brand level two highly frauded beers. The SPCE coupled with SVM-DA performed with an accuracy of 97% for the classification of both brands. Therefore, the proposed electrochemicalsensor configuration has been deemed an appropriate tool for discrimination of American lager beers according to their producer and brands.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Beer* / analysis
  • Brazil
  • Discriminant Analysis
  • Electrodes
  • Least-Squares Analysis
  • United States