Sclerostin in periodontal ligament: Homeostatic regulator in biophysical force-induced tooth movement

Abstract

Aim: To study the role of sclerostin in periodontal ligament (PDL) as a homeostatic regulator in biophysical-force-induced tooth movement (BFTM).

Materials and methods: BFTM was performed in rats, followed by microarray, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection and identification of the molecules. The periodontal space was analysed via micro-computed tomography. Effects on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption were evaluated in the bone-marrow-derived cells in mice. In vitro human PDL cells were subjected to biophysical forces.

Results: In the absence of BFTM, sclerostin was hardly detected in the periodontium except in the PDL and alveolar bone in the furcation region and apex of the molar roots. However, sclerostin was up-regulated in the PDL in vivo by adaptable force, which induced typical transfiguration without changes in periodontal space as well as in vitro PDL cells under compression and tension. In contrast, the sclerostin level was unaffected by heavy force, which caused severe degeneration of the PDL and narrowed periodontal space. Sclerostin inhibited osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, which corroborates the accelerated tooth movement by the heavy force.

Conclusions: Sclerostin in PDL may be a key homeostatic molecule in the periodontium and a biological target for the therapeutic modulation of BFTM.

Keywords: alveolar bone; biophysical force; periodontal ligament; sclerostin; tooth movement.