A multi-range vertical array data processing (MRP) method based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed to estimate geoacoustic parameters in shallow water. The network input is the normalized sample covariance matrices of the broadband multi-range data received by a vertical line array. Since the geoacoustic parameters (e.g., bottom sound speed, density, and attenuation) have different scales, the multi-task learning is used to estimate these parameters simultaneously. To reduce the influence of the uncertainty of the source position, the training and validation data are composed of the simulation data of different source depths. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with the conventional matched-field inversion (MFI), the CNN with MRP alleviates the coupling between the geoacoustic parameters and is more robust to different source depths in the shallow water environment. Based on the inversion results, better localization performance is achieved when the range-dependent environment is assumed to be a range-independent model. Real data from the East China Sea experiment are used to validate the MRP method. The results show that, compared with the MFI and the CNN with single-range vertical array data processing, the use of geoacoustic parameters from MRP achieves better localization performance.