Introduction: In trauma patients using warfarin, current guidelines recommend computed tomography of the brain (CTH), 24-hour observation, and repeat CTH to monitor for stability. Despite growing evidence of uncommon delayed hemorrhage, this remains standard practice even in mild traumatic brain injury without intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Our study sought to determine the incidence and outcomes of delayed ICH (DICH) in trauma patients on supra-therapeutic warfarin without initial ICH.
Methods: A retrospective, single institutional study was performed of all adult trauma patients (>18 years old) who presented on prehospital warfarin with an international normalized ratio (INR) >3 and initial CTH that did not demonstrate ICH. Each of these patients underwent subsequent CTH within 24 hours and any DICH was identified. Those who demonstrated DICH were further examined to identify potential risk factors and outcomes such as need for further imaging or surgical intervention. Analyses were performed using Fisher's exact tests and Student's t-tests.
Results: 225 patients were identified from January 2015 to April 2021 that met inclusion criteria. Of those identified, only 3 (1.33%) were found to develop any DICH on routine repeat CTH. Identified characteristics did not reach statistical significance due to the low number of DICH. None of the patients with DICH went on to require intervention.
Conclusion: In patients with identified traumatic injury on supra-therapeutic warfarin, an initial CTH without identified ICH alone is an adequate survey. DICH in these patients is uncommon and routine reimaging within 24 hours is unlikely to change clinical management in patients with intact neurologic status.
Keywords: repeat computed tomography scan; trauma; traumatic brain injury; warfarin.