A molecularly imprinted photonic polymer based on an inverse opal structure for sensing D-dimer at the point-of-care

Abstract

Accurate and timely diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is crucial to prevent related morbidity and mortality. This work reports a label-free sensor for D-dimer, a biomarker of VTE. The sensor is based on the synergy between the colloidal crystal templating method and the molecular imprinting technique. The design of the photonic molecularly imprinted polymer (PMIP) is focused on the preparation of an inverse opal structure, resulting from silica infiltration in a poly(methyl methacrylate) photonic crystal template, followed by a calcination stage that removes the sacrificial colloidal crystal. The molecularly imprinted polymer in the inverse opal structure is then synthesized in the presence of the template molecule, the peptide D-dimer. After D-Dimer removal, the PMIP consists in a three-dimensional highly ordered structure, where nanocavities complementary to the D-dimer in shape and binding features are distributed. The PMIP showed a linear response to D-dimer in synthetic urine, exhibiting a decrease in the reflectance intensity with increasing D-dimer concentrations, ranging from 22.5 ng mL^-1 to 1450.0 ng mL^-1. The PMIP material demonstrated a limit of detection of 15.5 ng mL^-1 and was selective for D-dimer in the presence of fibrinopeptide B, another prospective VTE biomarker in urine. Moreover, the sensor was reusable up to five times without losing its recognition ability. Overall, a novel PMIP material is described for successful recognition of D-Dimer. Considering the clinical relevance of D-dimer detection, the sensor is envisioned as a promising low-cost test for urinalysis.

Keywords: D-dimer; Inverse opal structure; Molecularly imprinted photonic polymer; Photonic sensor; Venous thromboembolism.