Asymmetric limb weakness in Guillain-Barré syndrome: Three case reports

Abstract

Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune-mediated peripheral neuropathy characterized by symmetric weakness. Asymmetric weakness in GBS is uncommon and may be easily confused with other differential diagnoses. We herein present three cases of asymmetric GBS and review the literature on this atypical subtype of GBS in order to describe the characteristics of asymmetric GBS and to provide experience for clinicians.

Case summary: Different from patients in the previous reports, our patients showed persistent asymmetric limb weakness from the onset to recovery phase. All three patients were serologically positive for antecedent infections. Two of the three cases had IgG antibodies against ganglioside GM1. Two patients received immunotherapy including intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange, while one patient received only supportive treatment. Autoantibodies against gangliosides, asymmetry of congenital development of blood-nerve barrier and limb use may contribute to the development of asymmetric limb weakness in GBS.

Conclusion: Asymmetric GBS may be a rare clinical variant and should be considered when a patient develops acute and progressive asymmetric limb weakness. The differences in clinical features and prognosis between asymmetric GBS and classic GBS deserve further investigation in a large study.

Keywords: Asymmetric limb weakness; Autoantibodies; Blood-nerve barrier; Case report; Guillain-Barré syndrome.