Here, we report the appearance of natural killer B (NKB) cells within the colon during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of susceptible monkeys. Using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and flow cytometry, we show that NKB cells are unique cells with features and functions of both NK and B cells. NKB cells express receptors and ligands found on B cells that are important for (i) antigen presentation; (ii) activities associated with class switching, affinity maturation, and B-cell memory formation in secondary lymphoid follicles; and (iii) antigen recognition. The predominant immunoglobulins (Igs) expressed on NKB cells are IgA, although NKB cells can express surface IgM and IgG. There is dominant lambda expression over the kappa light chain characteristic of mucosal B cells. In addition to B-cell aspects, NKB cells express NK cell activation receptors and Fas ligand. We show in this study that NKB cells express perforin and granzymes and lyse cells in a lytic assay. In addition to NK cell cytolytic function, NKB cells also produce the inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Finally, we noted the increased capacity of NKB cells to proliferate compared to NK cells and CD8+ T cells from the SIV-infected colon. The increased proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production may be related to the relatively high expression levels of IL-15 receptor beta, IL-7 receptor, IL-18 receptor, and 41BB relative to the same receptors on CD8 and NK cells. The properties of NKB cells may point to their role in the enhanced inflammation observed in the SIV-infected gut. IMPORTANCE There is low-level but significant mucosal inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that has long-term consequences for the infected host. This inflammation most likely originates from the immune response that appears as a consequence of HIV. Here, we show in an animal model of HIV that the chronically SIV-infected gut contains cytotoxic natural killer B cells that produce inflammatory cytokines and proliferate during infection.
Keywords: B cells; cytokines; cytotoxic; gastrointestinal; gut inflammation; human immunodeficiency virus; immunoglobulin A; mucosal immunity; natural killer cells; simian immunodeficiency virus.