Rectal tonsils are localized hyperplastic lymphoid tissues in the rectum, and the initial endoscopic findings are consistent with those for neoplastic lesions. However, rectal tonsils are benign entities, and the diagnosis should be made cautiously. A 70-year-old man presented with pain on defecation with rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy revealed a 3-cm protruding mass in the rectum with mucosal erosion, but no malignant features were observed on forceps biopsy. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed that the lesion was a hypoechoic mass without blood flow. Fine needle aspiration under EUS revealed no malignant components, although the size of the lesion had shrunk, and symptoms, such as blood-stained stool, tenesmus, and discomfort during defecation, had resolved. A second forceps biopsy showed intermediate-sized lymphocytes without lymphoepithelial lesions. Based on immunostaining, the lesion was diagnosed as a rectal tonsil. Rectal tonsils occur due to localized proliferation of reactive lymphoid follicles in the submucosa or muscularis mucosa. However, endoscopic diagnosis is difficult since less invasive treatment is performed for neoplastic lesions of the rectum to preserve the function of the anal sphincter. Diagnosis and treatment of small lesions might be possible by endoscopic resection; however, for relatively large lesions, formulating a diagnosis based only on biopsy specimens becomes even more difficult. Therefore, repeated biopsies might be helpful for the diagnosis of rectal tonsils and for excluding other neoplasms.
Keywords: colonoscopy; lymphoid tissue; polyp; rectum; submucosa.
© 2021 The Authors. DEN Open published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.