Red Blood Cell Shape and Deformability in Patients With COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Michaël Piagnerelli; Julie Vanderelst; Alexandre Rousseau; Daniel Monteyne; David Perez-Morga; Patrick Biston; Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia

doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.849910

Red Blood Cell Shape and Deformability in Patients With COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Front Physiol. 2022 Feb 28:13:849910. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.849910. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Michaël Piagnerelli^{1

2}, Julie Vanderelst¹, Alexandre Rousseau², Daniel Monteyne^{3

4}, David Perez-Morga^{3

4}, Patrick Biston¹, Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia²

Affiliations

¹ Intensive Care, CHU-Charleroi Marie-Curie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium.
² Experimental Medicine Laboratory, CHU-Charleroi Vésale, ULB 222 Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium.
³ Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium.
⁴ IBMM, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium.

Abstract

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with high mortality. Several studies have reported that the microcirculation responds adequately to hypoxia in COVID-19 patients by increasing oxygen availability, in contrast to the inadequate response observed in patients with bacterial sepsis. Red blood cells (RBCs), the key cells for oxygen transport, and notably their rheology, are altered during bacterial sepsis, but few data are available in patients with COVID-19.

Methods: In this prospective, non-interventional study, shape was assessed on admission (or inclusion for the volunteers) using Pearson's second coefficient of dissymmetry (PCD) on the histogram obtained with a flow cytometer technique. A null value represents a perfect spherical shape. RBC deformability was determined using ektacytometry by the elongation index in relation to the shear stress (0.3 to 50 Pa) applied to the RBC membrane. A higher elongation index indicates greater RBC deformability. Results were compared across groups. Scanning electronic microscopy was performed on RBCs from COVID-19 patients. RBC shape and deformability were also assessed on days 3 and 7 in COVID-19 patients.

Results: Forty-nine ICU patients were included (30 with COVID-19 ARDS and 19 with bacterial sepsis). ARDS was more severe in patients with COVID-19 than in those with sepsis (PaO₂/FiO₂ 99 [73-154] vs. 270 [239-295] mmHg p < 0.001) and mechanical ventilation was more frequently required (87 vs. 21%; p < 0.001). Mortality was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients (15/30 [50%] vs. 4/19 [21%], p = 0.046). RBCs were significantly more spherical in septic patients (PCD -0.40 [-0.56; -0.18]) than in healthy volunteers (PCD -0.54 [-0.66; -0.49]) but not than in COVID-19 patients (-0.48 [-0.55; -0.43]). In COVID-19 non-survivors (n = 11), sphericity was more marked on day 7 (PCD -0.40 [-0.47; -0.28]) than on day 1 (PCD vs. -0.49 [-0.59; -0.44]); p = 0.045. At ICU admission, RBC deformability was altered for all shear stress values studied in septic patients compared to COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers (maximum elongation index for septic patients: 0.600 [0.594-0.630] vs. 0.646 [0.637-0.653] for COVID-19 patients and 0.640 [0.635-0.650] for healthy volunteers; both p < 0.001). In the 18 COVID-19 patients studied for 7 days, RBC deformability did not change over time and was not related to outcome. At day 1, RBCs from COVID-19 patients showed a normal structure on scanning electronic microscopy.

Conclusion: In contrast to the significantly altered shape and decreased deformability in patients with bacterial sepsis, RBCs from severely hypoxemic COVID-19 patients had normal deformability on admission, and this pattern did not change over the first week despite a more spherical shape in non-survivors. As RBCs are the key cell for oxygen transport, this maintenance of normal deformability may contribute to the adequate microcirculatory response to severe hypoxia of the microcirculation that has been observed in these patients.

Keywords: COVID-19; deformability; microcirculation; red blood cell; rheology.