Microengineered filters for efficient delivery of nanomaterials into mammalian cells

Abstract

Intracellular delivery of nanomaterials into the cells of interest has enabled cell manipulation for numerous applications ranging from cell-based therapies to biomedical research. To date, different carriers or membrane poration-based techniques have been developed to load nanomaterials to the cell interior. These biotools have shown promise to surpass the membrane barrier and provide access to the intracellular space followed by passive diffusion of exogenous cargoes. However, most of them suffer from inconsistent delivery, cytotoxicity, and expensive protocols, somewhat limiting their utility in a variety of delivery applications. Here, by leveraging the benefits of microengineered porous membranes with a suitable porosity, we demonstrated an efficient intracellular loading of diverse nanomaterials to different cell types based on inducing mechanical disruption to the cell membrane. In this work, for the first time, we used ultra-thin silicon nitride (SiN) filter membranes with uniform micropores smaller than the cell diameter to load impermeable nanomaterials into adherent and non-adherent cell types. The delivery performance using SiN microsieves has been validated through the loading of functional nanomaterials from a few nanometers to hundreds of nanometers into mammalian cells with minimal undesired impacts. Besides the high delivery efficiency and improved cell viability, this simple and low-cost approach offers less clogging and higher throughput (10⁷ cell min^-1). Therefore, it yields to the efficient introduction of exogenous nanomaterials into the large population of cells, illustrating the potential of these microengineered filters to be widely used in the microfiltroporation (MFP) setup.