Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays vital roles in cell metabolism, cell signaling, and gene expression regulation. NAD+ shows intricate subcellular distribution and dynamic changes in diverse biological processes; however, traditional biochemical assays usually require cell lysis, making it technically difficult to measure NAD+ metabolism in live cells or in vivo. Recently, a few genetically encoded and semisynthetic fluorescent sensors have been used to monitor NAD+ metabolism in a variety of biological settings. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the development of fluorescent sensors for NAD+ and their applications in life science research. We further analyze their advantages, limitations, and perspectives for future development.
Keywords: Fluorescence imaging; Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors; NAD(+); Real-time monitoring; Semisynthetic fluorescent sensors.
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