ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Sex Differences in Incidence, Etiology, Treatment, and Outcomes

Curr Cardiol Rep. 2022 May;24(5):529-540. doi: 10.1007/s11886-022-01676-7. Epub 2022 Mar 14.

Abstract

Purpose: Although there have been marked improvements in the standard of care for treatment of ST-elevation myocardial infarction, women, especially younger women, continue to have significantly worse outcomes than men.

Recent findings: This review highlights the current sex differences in presentation, etiology, treatment, and outcomes among these patients in order to make providers aware of the heterogeneous entities that cause ST-elevation myocardial infarction particularly in women and of disparities in treatment that lead to poorer outcomes in women. Furthermore, it emphasizes evidence-based strategies including standardized protocols for early revascularization, mechanical circulatory support, and access methodology that can reduce sex-based disparities in treatments and outcomes.

Keywords: Cardiogenic shock; Percutaneous coronary intervention; ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; Sex; Women.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Female
  • Humans
  • Incidence
  • Male
  • Percutaneous Coronary Intervention* / methods
  • Risk Factors
  • ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction* / epidemiology
  • ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction* / etiology
  • ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction* / therapy
  • Sex Characteristics
  • Sex Factors
  • Treatment Outcome