The Potential Predictive Role of Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1β, and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 for COVID-19 Patients Survival

Kumboyono Kumboyono; Indah Nur Chomsy; Agustin Iskandar; Aryati Aryati; Ida Parwati; Titin Andri Wihastuti

doi:10.2147/IDR.S348392

The Potential Predictive Role of Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1β, and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 for COVID-19 Patients Survival

Infect Drug Resist. 2022 Mar 4:15:821-829. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S348392. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Kumboyono Kumboyono¹, Indah Nur Chomsy², Agustin Iskandar³, Aryati Aryati⁴, Ida Parwati⁵, Titin Andri Wihastuti⁶

Affiliations

¹ Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia.
² Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia.
³ Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia.
⁴ Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60131, Indonesia.
⁵ Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, 40161, Indonesia.
⁶ Basic Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, 65151, Indonesia.

Abstract

Background: Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) are early phase cytokines often encountered when the body is exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated-coronavirus-2. TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 are pro-inflammatory cytokines critical in the defence response against systemic infection and injury. Therefore, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 are the most aggressive responses to viral infections in the acute phase, so they can be used to determine the survival of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.

Purpose: The study aimed to determine the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 as predictors of survival for COVID-19 patients.

Patients and methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on confirmed COVID-19 by a reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) in 84 adults admitted to the hospital in Indonesia. TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 level were measured from serum subjects using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The results from logistic regression modelling of the survival status of COVID-19 patients based on TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 levels were significant (p-value=0.024). The predictors of all cytokines had P Wald <0.05, so the three cytokines could be used simultaneously to predict the survival status of COVID-19 patients. MCP-1 has the most dominant risk relative value (2.76; 95% CI; 2.53-4.68) compared to TNF-α and IL-1β in predicting patient survival.

Conclusion: TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 as markers of acute systemic inflammatory cytokines can be measured at the beginning of hospitalisation of COVID-19 patients for early diagnosis of disease severity so that healthcare professionals can determine clinical guidance needs for therapeutic programs.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS COV-2; cytokine; survival predictors.