Comparative assessment of the cell-surface antigens and gene expression profiles of the gingival tissue biomarkers in subjects with fixed functional and removable functional orthodontic appliances

Hosam Ali Baeshen; Fahad F Alsulaimani; Wael Awadh; Maram Ahmed Ageeli; Shahabe Saquib Abullais; Nabeeh Abdullah Alqahtani; Mohammad Y Alshahrani; Jagadish Hosmani; Shankargouda Patil

doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.047

Comparative assessment of the cell-surface antigens and gene expression profiles of the gingival tissue biomarkers in subjects with fixed functional and removable functional orthodontic appliances

Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022 Mar;29(3):1789-1795. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.047. Epub 2021 Oct 25.

Authors

Hosam Ali Baeshen¹, Fahad F Alsulaimani¹, Wael Awadh², Maram Ahmed Ageeli³, Shahabe Saquib Abullais⁴, Nabeeh Abdullah Alqahtani⁴, Mohammad Y Alshahrani⁵, Jagadish Hosmani⁶, Shankargouda Patil⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abduaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
² Division of Orthodontics, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
³ College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
⁵ Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 9088, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Oral Pathology Division, Department of Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to examine the cellular components of the gingiva during orthodontic treatment with fixed and removable appliances. The cellular and molecular cues of pathologies of the gingival tissue associated with the use of different orthodontic appliances could be studied.

Materials and methods: Tissue samples of gingiva were received from healthy patients undergoing gingivectomy for aesthetic purpose and from patients with fixed and removable functional orthodontic appliances undergoing gingivectomy for gingival overgrowth. The collected samples were stored in a sterile container with phosphate-buffered saline and to carry out further processes it was transported to the laboratory.

Results: Cells positive for ECAD and NCAD were found to be increased in fixed appliances where as CD90 and CD105 positive cells showed no significant difference in all the three groups. CD24 and CD146 positive cells were increased significantly in removable and fixed than normal whereas CD133 positive cells were decreased in removable and fixed than normal. CD44 positive cells showed no noticeable change in all three groups. The gene expression levels of KRT5, SOX2, NANOG, and CXCL5 were found to be significantly increased in removable and fixed appliance groups. However, KRT8, CXCL10, and TIMP1 were increased only in fixed appliance group but CXCL10 showed decreased expression in removable appliance group. KRT6A, MYC, and MMP9 were decreased in fixed appliance group whereas MYC and MMP9 were increased in removable appliance group. KRT6A, KRT8, and TIMP1 showed no significant difference in removable appliance group.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated essential roles of various genes, showing their contribution in regulating cell proliferation and migration in both the removable and fixed functional appliances.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Cell-surface antigens; Fixed functional appliances; Gene expression; Removable functional appliances.