Reduced glutathione (GSH) plays an essential role in relieving oxidative insult from the generation of free radicals via normal physiological processes. However, GSH can be exploited by bacteria as a signalling molecule for the regulation of virulence. We describe findings arising from a serendipitous observation that when GSH and Escherichia coli were incubated with 5'fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR)-synchronised populations of Caenorhabditis elegans, the nematodes underwent rapid death. Death was mediated by the production of hydrogen sulphide mainly through the action of tnaA, a tryptophanase-encoding gene in E. coli. Other Enterobacteriaceae species possess similar cysteine desulfhydrases that can catabolise l-cysteine-containing compounds to hydrogen sulphide and mediate nematode killing when worms had been pre-treated with FUdR. When colonic epithelial cell lines were infected, hydrogen sulphide produced by these bacteria in the presence of GSH was also able to inhibit ATP synthesis in these cells particularly when cells had been treated with FUdR. Therefore, bacterial production of hydrogen sulphide could act in concert with a commonly used genotoxic cancer drug to exert host cell impairment. Hydrogen sulphide also increases bacterial adhesion to the intestinal cells. These findings could have implications for patients undergoing chemotherapy using FUdR analogues that could result in intestinal damage.
Keywords: Caenorhabditis elegans; bacteria; glutathione; hydrogen sulphide; intestine.
© 2022 The Authors. Molecular Microbiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.