What are the relevant sources and factors affecting event mean concentrations (EMCs) of nutrients and sediment in stormwater?

Abstract

Urbanization increases runoff, sediment, and nutrient loadings downstream, causing flooding, eutrophication, and harmful algal blooms. Stormwater control measures (SCMs) are used to address these concerns and are designed based on inflow loads. Thus, estimating nutrient and sediment loads is important for meeting restoration objectives. Pollutants accumulate on surfaces during dry periods, making Event Mean Concentration (EMC) a function of antecedent dry period (ADP). An EMC results from wash-off of accumulated pollutants from catchment surface during runoff events. However, several studies found little to no correlation between constituent concentrations in stormwater and ADP. The objective of this study is to verify this finding and discover which climatological or catchment characteristics most significantly affect stormwater quality. Stormwater quality data were obtained from the National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD), which is the largest data repository of stormwater quality data in the U.S. Bayesian Network Structure Learner (BNSL) was used to assess the relationships between catchment characteristics, climatological information, and stormwater quality for selected land uses. Given the optimal BN structure, it was determined which parameters most affect stormwater quality EMCs. The results demonstrate that both catchment and rain characteristics affected stormwater quality EMCs. Among catchment characteristics, land use (LU) was the most important factor and catchment size was the least. Precipitation depth (P) and duration (D) affected Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). This indicated that it is likely that P and D had a greater influence on stormwater quality more than ADP. P, D, and ADP affected the dissolved constituents of TN (i.e. NO₂-N/NO₃-N) and TP (i.e. Ortho-P). Compared to other factors (i.e. P and D), the effect of ADP on TSS was negligible. Stormwater quality EMCs related to nitrogen were not affected by catchment slope (S). However, TSS and Ortho-P were influenced by S.

Keywords: Bayesian network (BN); Event mean concentration (EMC); National Stormwater Quality Database (NSQD); Optimization; Stormwater quality.