Background: Diabetes has been related to disability and excess mortality. We estimated the extent to which diabetes shortens disability-free survival and identified modifiable factors that may prolong disability-free survival in older adults with diabetes.
Methods: Disability-free older adults (n = 2 216, mean age: 71 years, female: 61%) were followed for up to 15 years. Diabetes was ascertained through medical examinations, medication use, or glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). Disability-free survival was defined as survival until the occurrence of disability. A favorable (vs unfavorable) lifestyle profile was defined as the presence of at least 1 of the following: healthy (vs unhealthy) behaviors, active (vs inactive) engagement in leisure activities, or moderate-to-rich (vs poor) social network. Data were analyzed using Cox regression and Laplace regression.
Results: During the follow-up, 1 345 (60.7%) participants developed disability or died. Diabetes, but not prediabetes, was related to the outcome (hazard ratio [HR] 1.29, 95% CI 1.06-1.57), and 2.15 (1.02-3.27) years shorter median disability-free survival. In joint exposure analysis, disability-free survival was shortened by 3.29 (1.21-5.36), 3.92 (2.08-5.76), and 1.66 (0.06-3.28) years for participants with diabetes plus unhealthy behaviors, inactive engagement in leisure activities, or poor social network. Among participants with diabetes, a favorable profile led to a nonsignificant HR of 1.19 (0.93-1.56) for disability/death and prolonged disability-free survival by 3.26 (2.33-4.18) years compared to those with an unfavorable profile.
Conclusions: A healthy and socially active lifestyle may attenuate the risk of diabetes on disability or death and prolong disability-free survival among people with diabetes.
Keywords: Disability; Lifestyle profile; Survival; Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America.